Random Wikipedia Article Thread

[Thanya]

Berlin-Schöneberg (dworzec kolejowy)

Dworzec Berlin-Schöneberg – stacja przesiadkowa szybkiej kolei miejskiej S-Bahn, położona w dzielnicy Schöneberg. Znajduje się na skrzyżowaniu Ringbahn i Wannseebahn. Stacja nosi oznaczenie kolejowe BSGR.

Już od 1896 istniała w tej okolicy stacja kolei obwodowej pod nazwą Ebersstraße. Mimo położonego w pobliżu skrzyżowania z Koleją Wannsee nie było możliwości bezpośredniej przesiadki między liniami. W celu przesiadki należało jechać odnogą linii obwodowej aż do dworca Kolonnenstraße (który wówczas nazywał się Schöneberg), a tam przejść na peron Wannseebahn. Stacja Ebersstraße stanowiła dość typowy przykład dworca kolei obwodowej z przełomu wieków z budynkiem wejściowym z cegły klinkierowej. Historyzujący malowniczy dwukondygnacyjny budynek stylizowany był na bramę miejską – nakryty był wysokim, czterospadowym dachem, zwieńczonym pokrytą miedzią wieżyczką zegarową, boczne minimalnie zryzalitowane partie zwieńczone były krenelażem, co nadawało im pozór baszt, zaś wejście prowadziło przez parę drzwi umieszczoną w półkolistym przeszklonym łuku.

Wraz z elektryfikacją Kolei Wannsee, która jako ostatnia nie posiadała możliwości przesiadki na kolej obwodową, dokonano w latach 1932-33 przebudowy dworca. Dotychczasowy dworzec został zburzony i wzniesiono zamiast niego położony 145 m dalej na wschód dworzec w układzie wieżowym. Stację zaprojektowali wybrani w konkursie architekci Carl Heinrich Schwennecke i Erich Zimmermann. Linie krzyżują się pod kątem 37° i posiadają połączone klatką schodową perony wyspowe o szerokości 13,5 m (górny peron) i 16 m (dolny peron). Położona na górnym poziomie kolej obwodowa uzyskała kubiczną przeszkloną halę peronową o długości 160 m, szerokości 24 m i wysokości niemal 8 m, dolny peron posiada pogrążony dach oparty w części południowej na jednym rzędzie słupów, zaś w północnej na dwóch. Wejścia na dworzec prowadzą na oba końce dolnego peronu. 1 marca 1933 otwarto peron kolei obwodowej, zaś 15 maja Kolei Wannsee. W czasie II wojny światowej dworzec nie uległ większym uszkodzeniom i już wkrótce po ustaniu walk wznowiono ruch.

Po strajku kolejarzy S-Bahn w 1980 obie przebiegające przez dworzec linie zostały zamknięte. Dopiero po przejęciu S-Bahn w Berlinie Zachodnim przez BVG wznowiono 1 lutego 1985 ruch na Kolei Wannsee. Południowy odcinek kolei obwodowej uruchomiono ponownie 17 grudnia 1993.

Obecnie przez dworzec przejeżdżają linie kolei obwodowej S41, S42, S45, S46 i S47 oraz linia kolei Wannsee S1.

[Boltor]

Super Balita sa Tanghali Nationwide
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)
Super Balita sa Tanghali Nationwide Genre newscast
Running time 1 hour
Country Philippines Philippines
Home station DZBB
Starring Melo del Prado
Gani Oro
Creators GMA Network
Air dates since 12 May 2008
No. of episodes n/a (airs daily)
Website www.gmanews.tv

Super Balita sa Tanghali Nationwide (Super Noontime News Nationwide) is the afternoon newscast of AM station DZBB anchored by Melo del Prado and Gani Oro. The radio program is also simulcast on all GMA Super Radyo stations in the country.
Segments

Alam Nyo Ba?
Balitang Excuse me po!

See also

GMA News and Public Affairs
Super Radyo DZBB

[Thanya]

Jane Ira Bloom

Jane Ira Bloom (born Boston, Massachusetts, 1955) is an American jazz soprano saxophonist and composer.

Biography

She began as a pianist and drummer, later switching to the alto saxophone, and eventually settling on the soprano saxophone as her primary instrument. She first began playing the saxophone seriously while at Yale University, from which she received a liberal arts degree and a master's degree in music.

Following Yale, Bloom relocated to New York City. She has worked with Mark Dresser, Bobby Previte, Kenny Wheeler, Charlie Haden, Bob Brookmeyer, Julian Priester, Jay Clayton, Fred Hersch, Jin Hi Kim, and Min Xiao-Fen.

She is noted for her use of live electronics, using a foot pedal to trigger various electronic effects that alter the sound of her saxophone, at times creating the illusion of an orchestra of soprano saxophones.

She was the first musician to be commissioned by the NASA Art Program; in 1989 she created three original musical compositions: Most Distant Galaxy, for soprano saxophone and live electronics, prepared tape, bass, drums, and electroacoustic percussion; Fire & Imagination, for soprano saxophone, improvisors, and chamber orchestra; and Beyond the Sky, for wind ensemble.

The asteroid 6083 Janeirabloom was named after her.

In 2007, she was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in music composition.

Bloom is presently a core faculty member at The New School for Jazz and Contemporary Music in New York City's Greenwich Village.

Selected discography

* Art & Aviation (on electronic saxophone, with Kenny Wheeler, Ron Horton, Rufus Reid), 1992
* The Red Quartets (with Fred Hersch), 1999
* Chasing Paint (with Fred Hersh, Mark Dresser, Bobby Previte), 2003
* Like Silver, Like Song, 2004
* Mental Weather (with Dawn Clement, Matt Wilson, and Mark Helias), 2008

[Tanzoria]

Hajj Dr Mohamed Ali al-Nasiri (born 1 July 1944) is an arabic journalist, author and academic based in the United Kingdom. His father was Sheikh Abbas of the Al-Juaber tribal confederation.[1]
Contents
[hide]

1 Biography
2 Bibliography
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Biography

Born in Nasiriyah in 1944, al-Nasiri is an Arab scholar, author and journalist of Shiite descent. In his published works he has dealt with a range of subject areas, but particularly Arabic literature, language and history and Islamic studies. He is currently a member of the Islamic Dawa Party of Iraq in the United Kingdom and has worked for BBC, Al-jazeera, Sawt al-Iraq, International Colleges of Islamic Sciences.

He completed first and secondary level education in Nasiriyah in Iraq. He then went on to study at the Al-Fiqh college in Najaf. In 1970 he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and Islamic sciences.

After working as a secondary school teacher in both Algeria and Iraq for twenty years he went on to complete his Masters in the philosophy of Islamic Law in London in 1999 before completing his Doctorate in Islamic Studies in 2002.

Amongst his many published works and books are French Politics in the Middle East (1984) and France in Algeria (1984) and the editing of the core Islamic Beliefs by the late Sheikh Abbas Al-Nasiri(2004).

He has often been invited to speak at debates and seminars around the world and edited on numerous occasions the magazine Sawt al-Iraq which was based in London and had been in print for nearly 20 years.

[Paffnia]

Robert Weatherill

Robert 'Bob' Weatherill was an Australian rules footballer who played in the VFL between 1917 and 1923 for the Richmond Football Club.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weatherill

[Boltor]

Fastmake[1] is a program that is used mainly by software developers to maintain software build process. Fastmake is one of the make programs family. The most similar make program is GNU make.[2] Fastmake differs from GNU make in that it contains additional features that extend Makefile syntax and increase program speed.

Fastmake was started in 2005 as a replacement for dmake build tool. That years the Makefile syntax was as in dmake. In 2008 Fastmake was published and became available for downloading. Since then Makefile syntax has been moving towards GNU make. This is because GNU make is widely used and therefore there is more chance for Fastmake to be useful.

The key starting point of Fastmake performance optimization is working within one operating system process. When a classic make program needs to respawn itself it launches another operating system process while Fastmake calls a function which creates new context and works within the same process. This allows to maintain effective caches for entire build tree. Also Fastmake offers fast replacements for most popular shell tools like cp, echo and so on.

One of the tasks that takes place in software build process is determining dependencies. Fastmake has integrated dependency scanner for C/C++ source files.

Syntax improvements are aimed to solve some essential build automation tasks that are hard to be done via GNU make. Such tasks are combined or 'parallel' compilation, automatic dependencies tracking, omitting TAB character in Makefile that is hard in many editors and so on.

Fastmake is an open and free program that means that it is free of charge with source code available.

Fastmake is written in the C++ programming language. GNU bison program is used to generate parser module. Flex lexical analyser program is used to generate lexeme generator.

[Paffnia]

Shelly Mars

Shelly Mars (b. 1960, Celina, Ohio) is a performance artist , actor and printmaker based in New York. She studied at University of California, Santa Cruz and has a B.F.A. in theater from the California Institute of the Arts. She also studied at American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco.

Career

Since starting performing in San Francisco in the early 1980s, Mars has done everything from improvisational stage work to voiceovers to movies and is best known for her monologues and gender-bending portrayals of various subcultures, with a focus on queer culture.

Film and TV appearances

Her first film role was in Monika Treut's Die Jungfrauenmaschine (aka Virgin Machine), a groundbreaking film about the hedonistic exploration of sexuality. Mars went on to appear in many more films, including Drop Dead Rock with Debbie Harry and Adam Ant, Jennie Livingston's Who's the Top?, Venus Boyz, Mary Harron's The Notorious Bettie Page and a documentary based on her own life, The Dark Matter of Mars.

After Virgin Machine's release in 1988, Mars was at the forefront of the emerging drag king culture in the US and appeared on such television shows as The Kids in the Hall, The Phil Donahue Show, The Montel Williams Show and The Sally Jesse Raphael Show and on HBO's Real Sex and Drag Kings. More recently, she has been featured in Comedy Central's Out There in Hollywood, A&E's Role Reversal and The Jamie Kennedy Experience on The WB.

Live performances

Her solo shows include Bug Chasers (2005), Whiplash: Tales of a Tomboy (1999), which the New York Times called her “a female Candide” , and Invasion from Mars (1997) working in venues across New York and beyond: Abrons Art Center, PS 122, New York Theatre Workshop, The Kitchen and the Grove Street Playhouse.

She performed in the Night of 100 Stars to raise money for the first New York International Fringe Festival (1997). Mars' autobiographical show, Sex on Mars, enjoyed a five-month run in Provincetown, MA in 2000.

Her Homo Bonobo Project show, which is ongoing, weaves themes of sexuality, love, and violence into a educational piece about the bonobos of the Congo.

Recently, Mars has been Artist in Residence at NYC's Museum of Sex and has received grants from the New York State Council on the Arts (2010), the Arcus Foundation, the Gill Foundation, and the Franklin Furnace Fund for Performance Art.

She is currently hosting a performance series at Dixon Place called Bullstrong woman Chronicles that she co-hosts with Kirby the Bulldog.

She has taught others the how-tos of performance art and creating one's own monologue; her own monologues have been published in Creating Your Own Monologue.

Printmaking

Mars has recently started doing printmaking and textile work with paper, metal and tee shirts in a style that reflects the intensity, sexuality and darkly layered aspects of her performance art.

Characters

• Martin—Sleazy, middle-management Wall Street hot shot
  
• Peter Powell—Fashion photographer and ACT-UP activist with AIDS dementia
  
• Susan Powell—Peter's mother, a WASP from Greenwich, CT
  
• Damon Corson—Beat poet and independent filmmaker
  
• Zana Ana Rosen—Jewish lesbian separatist poetess from Northhampton, MA
  
• Dr. Ghislaine Pussait—Belgian French primatologist and ethologist, who studies Bonobo Apes and queer behavior
  
• Margerite Baker—Mars' grandmother's housekeeper
  
• Laura Martinelli Cantaloni Pizza—member of Italian jet-set
  
• The Performance ARTist—51-year-old pretentious performance artist

[Boltor]

Gyrodyne
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a class of rotorcraft. For the company bearing the name, see Gyrodyne Company of America.
Gyrodyne
Fairey FB-1 Gyrodyne developed by Dr. Bennett
[hide]Part of a series on
Categories of aircraft
Supported by lighter-than-air gases (aerostats)
Unpowered Powered

Balloon



Airship

Supported by LTA gases + aerodynamic lift
Unpowered Powered

Hybrid moored balloon
Kytoon



Hybrid airship

Supported by aerodynamic lift (aerodynes)
Unpowered Powered
Unpowered fixed-wing Powered fixed-wing

Glider
Hang gliders
Paraglider
Kite



Airplane (aeroplane)
Powered paraglider
Flettner airplane
Ground-effect vehicle

Powered hybrid fixed/rotary wing


Tiltwing and Tiltrotor
Coleopter

Unpowered rotary-wing Powered rotary-wing

Rotor kite



Autogyro
Gyrodyne ("Heliplane")
Helicopter

Powered aircraft driven by flapping


Ornithopter

Other means of lift
Unpowered Powered


Flying Bedstead
Avrocar

A Gyrodyne is a rotorcraft with a rotor system that is normally driven by its engine for takeoff and landing—hovering like a helicopter and has either one or two propellers mounted on wingtips, for propulsion and for torque correction. In response to a Royal Navy request for a helicopter, Dr. James Allan Jamieson Bennett designed the gyrodyne whilst serving as the chief engineer of the Cierva Autogiro Company. The gyrodyne was envisioned an intermediate type of rotorcraft, its rotor operating parallel to the flightpath to minimize axial flow with one or more propellers providing propulsion.

There is controversy over the correct usage of the term gyrodyne stemming from the difference between the description in Bennett's patent, the use of the term as a trademark by the Gyrodyne Company of America, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) classification of rotorcraft, and the terms compound helicopter and compound gyroplane frequently used to describe similar aircraft.[clarification needed] In recent years, a related concept has been promoted under the name heliplane. Originally used to market gyroplanes built by two different companies, the term has been adopted to describe a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) program to develop advances in rotorcraft technology with the goal of overcoming the current limitations of helicopters in both speed and payload.

[Thanya]

Cornell Companies
Type Public
Industry Prisons
Founded 1973
Headquarters Houston, TX, USA
Area served USA
Key people Chris Coonfield, Manager, Investor Relations
James E.Hyman, CEO & President
John R. Nieser, SVP, CFO & Treasurer
Cathryn L. Porter, SVP, General Counsel & Corporate Secretary
Patrick N. Perrin, SVP & Chief Administrative Officer
Benjamin E. Erwin, SVP, Corporate Development & ACB
Michael Caltabiano, SVP, Adult Secure
Jonathan P. Swatsburg, SVP, Abraxas Youth & Family Services
Revenue $ 386.7 million (2008)
Operating income $ 62.2 million (2008)
Net income $ 22.2 million (2008)
Total assets $ 636.9 million (2008)
Total equity $ 228.2 million (2008)
Employees 4,300 - September 2009
Website CornellCompanies.com


Cornell Companies(NYSE:GRN) was an American corporation that operates correctional facilities, contracting them to state and local governments. The company's headquarters are located in Houston, Texas. On August 12, 2010, Cornell and the GEO Group merged.

History
Cornell Companies, through predecessor entities, began juvenile operations in 1973, adult-community-based programs in 1974, and adult secure operations in 1984. In 1996, Cornell Companies was officially incorporated in the State of Delaware as a consolidated entity. Accordingly, Cornell has established long-standing relationships with a number of significant federal and state customers, including a nearly 20-year relationship with the Bureau of Prisons in its Adult Secure division and a 35-year relationship with the Bureau of Prisons in its Adult Community-Based division. Also, in Cornell's Abraxas juvenile division, over 70% of revenue is currently sourced from customers over 15+ years. Moreover, through its emphasis on building strong customer relationships, Cornell has attained a significant presence with the Alaska, Mississippi and Arizona Department of Corrections.

Business Segments
Cornell Companies offers a diverse portfolio of services in structured and secure environments through three operating divisions:

*Adult Secure Services
*Adult Community-Based Services
*Abraxas Youth and Family Services

Within the Adult Secure Services segment, Cornell provides minimum- to maximum-security incarceration services for federal, state and local government agencies. The company ensures public safety through the operation of a secure environment which includes, among other security and safety measures, professional correctional guards, alarmed fencing, razor wire and centralized monitoring via closed circuit camera systems. Cornell also provides a variety of educational, counseling and vocational programs aimed at providing a successful transition of inmates back into the community. Group and individual counseling is available for issues such as substance abuse and addiction, victim awareness and anger management. Cornell also provides extensive training in diverse employment and life skill areas including computers and job training opportunities, decision-making, personal hygiene, parenting, banking, budgeting and money management.

Cornell's Adult Community-Based Services involve the supervision of adult parolees and probationers. Cornell offers a national presence with locations in many large urban areas, throughout the United States. The company's programs focus on transitioning offenders approaching release from a correctional facility back into society. Through education, employment training, treatment, monitoring and accountability, clients receive the necessary tools to make positive life choices that can reduce their likelihood of re-entry into the correctional system. Cornell is a leading provider of community-based services to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons and to a number of state corrections departments.

The Abraxas Youth & Family Services division includes residential, detention, shelter care and community-based services, along with educational, rehabilitation and treatment programs for juveniles, typically between the ages of 10 and 18. Cornell’s Abraxas division is uniquely equipped to address the issues currently facing the juvenile justice system because its operating scale enables the company to offer programs tailored to specific treatment programs such as sex offenders, firesetters, adolescent female programs, mental/behavioral health and drug and alcohol treatment.

Quality of Operations
Cornell operates its facilities in accordance with both company- and facility-specific policies and procedures. Where required by contract or otherwise deemed appropriate for its service environments, these policies and procedures are designed to meet requirements set forth by independent industry oversight organizations, including the American Correctional Association (“ACA”), Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (“JCAHO”), and National Commission on Correctional Health Care (“NCCHC”). Standards may also be implemented to meet the requirements of state departments of public welfare, departments of protective and regulatory services and departments of human services and education. Internal quality control, conducted by senior facility staff and senior management, takes the form of periodic operational, programmatic and fiscal audits; facility inspections; regular review of logs, reports and files; and strict maintenance of personnel standards, including an active training program. Each of Cornell's facilities is further subject to periodic audits and reviews performed by the company's contracting agencies.

Employees
At December 31, 2008, Cornell had 4,109 full-time employees and 300 part-time employees. Cornell employs management, administrative and clerical, security, educational and counseling services, health services and general maintenance personnel. As of December 31, 2008, approximately 828 employees at four of Cornell's facilities were represented by labor unions.

[Boltor]

To the Left
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the faction within the Democratic Party (Italy). For Beyoncé song, see Irreplaceable.

To the Left (A Sinistra) is a social-democratic and democratic-socialist faction within the Democratic Party, a centre-left political party in Italy.

It was founded as an electoral list for the election for the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Party of 14 October 2007, comprising Livia Turco, Furio Colombo, Peppino Caldarola, the Democrats, Laicists, Socialists (Massimo Brutti, Sergio Gentili, Mauro Zani), Say Left (Vincenzo Vita, Giuseppe Giulietti, Augusto Battaglia) and some Liberal Socialists (Annamaria Carli, Giorgio Ruffolo).

The list, which was present in only 15 constituencies out of 29, scored 7.7% in the election, electing more than 300 delegates to the Assembly. Its strongholds are the cities and especially Turin (32.7%) and Rome (27.1%).[1][2]

On 5 July 2008 the three groups cited before plus Left for the Country, a group of splinters from Democratic Left and the Party of Italian Communists, merged into the faction, which became a united social-democratic and democratic-socialist faction within the Democratic Party.

The members of To the Left include both supporters of Walter Veltroni (Veltroniani), notably Vincenzo Vita, and supporters of Massimo D'Alema (Dalemiani), including Livia Turco, who is also an active member of Reformists and Democrats.

[Tanzoria]

Brigadier General Mieczysław Smorawiński (1893–1940), was a Polish military commander and officer of the Polish Army. He was one of two Polish generals identified as the victims of the Katyn massacre of 1940.

Mieczysław Makary Smorawiński was born December 25, 1893 in Kalisz, then in Russian Empire. There he graduated from a local primary school and then a Russian language trade school. Early in his youth he joined the Zarzewie resistance organization and became one of its leaders in Kalisz. Denunciated, in 1911 he was arrested and sentenced to 6 months in prison in Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnipropetrovsk in Ukraine). After finishing his term he emigrated to Lwów (modern Lviv) in Austro-Hungarian Galicia, where in 1912 he passed his matura exam and joined the Faculty of Chemistry of the Lwów School of Technology. There he also joined the Drużyny Strzeleckie organization, in which he received basic military training.
Secretary of State of the Vichy regime Fernand de Brinon 1943 in Katyn at the graves of Mieczysław Smorawiński and Bronisław Bohatyrewicz

At the outbreak of World War I he discontinued his studies and received officer's training in the Drużyny Strzeleckie. He moved to Kraków, where on August 16, 1914 he joined the Polish Legions. On September 30 his unit was dispatched to the front. He served with distinction in the II Brigade of the Legions, and held the posts of platoon, company and battalion commanding officer. After the Oath Crisis, together with many other members of the Polish Legions of Russian citizenship, he joined the 2nd Infantry Regiment of the Polish Auxiliary Corps, and then since February 16, 1918 he served in the Polnische Wehrmacht. On October 30 he left the ranks of his unit and the following day he joined the Polish Army, even before Poland officially declared her independence. Until July 13, 1919, he served as a platoon commander in the Polish 8th Legions' Infantry Regiment, and then he commanded the entire regiment during the Battle of Lwów and the Polish-Ukrainian War. After the end of hostilities and a brief period in Belarus and Lithuania, Smorawiński became the organizer and commanding officer of a newly formed 9th Legions' Infantry Regiment. He returned to his previous unit in August of that year and remained its commander until October.

During the Polish-Bolshevik War Smorawiński distinguished himself as a commander of the 4th Legions Infantry Regiment in the ranks of the Polish 2nd Legions Infantry Division (November 10, 1919 to August 4, 1920. During the Polish retreat following a successful Bolshevik offensive in Belarus, Smorawiński was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and assigned to the 4th Legions Infantry Brigade as its commanding officer. In the ranks of his unit he fought in the Battle of Warsaw. Following the Bolshevik defeat, his unit continued the pursuit after the fleeing Russians, finally liberating the town of Hrubieszów. After that his unit took part in the Battle of the Niemen River and reached Lida by the end of hostilities.

After the Riga Peace Treaty, on September 2, 1921, Mieczysław Smorawiński was assigned to the 2nd Legions Infantry Division as the commander of infantry of that unit. He served at that post until March 20, 1927. Simultaneously, he graduated from the Centre for Infantry Training in Rembertów and was promoted to colonel. During the May Coup d'État of 1926, Smorawiński led a small troop of his men from Kielce in support of Józef Piłsudski's forces fighting in Warsaw. On March 19, 1927, he was assigned to the Kraków-based 6th Infantry Division as its commander. On January 1, 1928, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and became the youngest General in Polish service until then. In October 1932 he was assigned to the Grodno-based Corps Area Command No. III as the deputy commander. After his successful training there, in October 1934 he became the commander of the Lublin-based Corps Area Command No. II.

Shortly before the outbreak of Polish Defensive War of 1939 and the World War II, he took part in formation of the reserve Polish 39th Infantry Division and the supply bases of the Polish 3rd Legions Infantry Division. Until September 14, 1939, he remained in Lublin, after which he was evacuated with a small troop to Kowel (modern Kovil) and then to Włodzimierz Wołyński, in what is now Ukraine. He was to organize new reserve units for the Polish-German front there, but his mission became unachievable after the Soviet entry into the war on the side of Nazi Germany on September 17. The fast pace of the Soviet advance into Poland resulted in Smorawiński's order not to fight with the Red Army. Instead, on September 18 he demobilized most of ordinary soldiers and NCO's under his command, and led a group officers towards Hungarian or Romanian borders. Overran by the Soviet forces, he negotiated an agreement allowing the Polish unit to march towards Bug River and join the Polish units still fighting against the Germans. However, on September 20 the group was again halted, this time by the NKVD who arrested all of the officers and taken them into captivity.

After a short stay in various Soviet prisons and POW camps, at the end of 1939 he was transferred to the NKVD Special Camp in Kozielsk.[1][2] Smorawiński left the camp on 7 April 1940.[3] Together with most of the Polish officers imprisoned there he was executed by the NKVD at Katyn,[1][3] in the spring of 1940, in what became known as the Katyn massacre. During the exhumation of 1943 his body was exhumed and identified, as one of only two Polish generals to be identified.[4]

[Thanya]

Law enforcement in Kiribati

The only State disciplined forces in Kiribati are a unified national police force, with prison and quarantine powers, and the coast guard. Defense assistance is provided by Australia and New Zealand.

The Kiribati Police Service is an independent body with one police officer for every 222 people. Ioeru Tokantetaake is Commissioner of Police, and also presides over prisons in Kiribati. The Kiribati Police Service do not carry weapons.

The police operate the RKS Teanoai (301), a Pacific class patrol boat provided to Kiribati by Australia as part of the Pacific Patrol Boat Program.

[Tanzoria]

Washington Ramón Saldías González (born August 24, 1949) is a Chilean politician. Saldías is also the executive editor of Pichilemu News.

Saldías was elected Councillor of Pichilemu with 870 votes (13.70%) from a total of 6,352 votes in Chilean municipal election of 1996.[1]
[edit] Biography

Saldías was born in Santiago, Chile on August 24, 1949. His family moved to Pichilemu in 1950, and he stayed there until 1964. He studied at the University of Chile.

In 1975, Saldías was hired by La Tercera as Correspondent in Pichilemu for the newspaper. In 1979, he became Governor of the recently founded Cardenal Caro Province.[2] Saldías acquired the rights to edit Periódico Pichilemu (founded in 1944), from January 31, 1986 until 1990. His project remained dormant until January 2000, when he founded Pichilemu News.[2]

Saldías has two sons, Christian Andrés and Patricio Eduardo.[citation needed]

[Tanzoria]

Colonel" Charles "Chuck" Long (born 1945) is the founder of the America's Buffalo Soldiers Re-Enactors Association. (The title of colonel is self-styled. Long only attained the rank of Lance Corporal while serving in the United States Marines.)

Long is best known as the operator of two controversial and short-lived youth recruit training boot camps in Arizona based on the Buffalo Soldiers, African American cavalry regiments of the 19th century, and the teachings of fundamentalist Christianity.

Long, a history buff, originally founded the ABSRA as an entertainment venture, allegedly for a Western movie that was never filmed. Long earned several awards for his re-enacting work and appeared in photographs shaking hands with Secretary of State Colin Powell and then-Texas Governor George W. Bush. Later the ABSRA focused on history education: giving speeches at schools and marching in military parades.

In 2000, Long first had the idea of establishing a youth boot camp on the Fort Apache Reservation from NBA legend (and fellow history buff) Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, who had recently coached a basketball camp for Apache children.

A first boot camp established by Long near Whiteriver, Arizona was investigated and ordered off of tribal land in July 2000 by the Apache Tribal Council after youths told of being kicked and choked by camp drill instructors. No charges were pressed as a result of this incident.

A second camp was opened by Long near Buckeye, Arizona in the Spring of 2001. Shortly afterward, on July 2, Anthony Haynes, a 14-year old boy who had been enrolled in the camp by his mother, died after apparently hallucinating in 111° F (43° C) temperatures. Witnesses reported seeing Haynes eating handfuls of dirt and shouting that he was being attacked by Indians. Long maintains that Haynes committed suicide.

After the death of Haynes, troubling reports of violence and deception in Long's past began to emerge:

In 1989, Long was arrested by Phoenix police after bashing in his ex-girlfriend's front door with a sledgehammer.

In 1991, Long was arrested again for punching the same woman during a dispute over their 3-year-old son. According to court records, the woman told police Long had previously abused her and the child. Long was fined and put on probation.

On his 1992 résumé, Long claimed to hold a political science degree from Wilberforce University. The school denies that Long ever earned a degree.

Long also claimed to be a former director of the National Academy of Broadcasting. The academy maintains that there is no record of his employment.

Long was harshly criticized by Maricopa County Sherriff Joe Arpaio, himself well known for a "get tough" attitude towards prisoners, who pressed criminal charges against Long and several counselors at his camp. Long faced a charge of second degree murder, but was ultimately convicted in January 2005 of manslaughter and aggravated assault. [1] Long was sentenced to six years in prison. The ABSRA continues to operate, though is no longer involved with youth boot camps.

[Thanya]

Ganebail

— village —
Coordinates: --
Country: India
State: Karnataka
District(s): Belgaum
Time zone: IST (UTC+05:30)



Ganebail is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.

[Boltor]

Bulbophyllum elbertii
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bulbophyllum elbertii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Epidendroideae
Genus: Bulbophyllum
Species: Bulbophyllum elbertii

Bulbophyllum elbertii is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.

[Paffnia]

Marjorie Morningstar

Marjorie Morningstar can refer to:

Marjorie Morningstar (novel), a 1955 novel.
Marjorie Morningstar (film), a 1958 movie.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Morningstar

[Boltor]

1967 San Diego Chargers season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Question book-new.svg
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)
1967 San Diego Chargers season
Head coach Sid Gillman
Home field San Diego Stadium
Results
Record 8–5–1
Division Place 3rd Western Division
Playoff finish did not qualify
Timeline
Previous season Next season
< 1966 1968 >

The 1967 San Diego Chargers season began with the team trying to improve on their 7–6–3 record in 1966. It was the team's first season at San Diego Stadium (now known as Qualcomm Stadium).

In August 1967, the San Diego Chargers played their first game at the new football stadium. The city named it the San Diego Stadium. In 1980, the city officially changed it to Jack Murphy Stadium. The city revamped the stadium in 1984 and added 11,000 seats and fancy booths at a cost of 9.1 million dollars. But this was still not enough for the city and in 1997 another 11,500 seats were added along with more suites and a club level.

This was the same year that the city sold the stadium's naming rights to a San Diego company for $18 million and the name officially changed to Qualcomm Stadium.
[edit] Season schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Attendance
1 September 9, 1967 Boston Patriots W 28–14
39,337
2 September 24, 1967 Houston Oilers W 13–3
36,032
3 October 1, 1967 at Buffalo Bills W 37–17
39,310
4 October 8, 1967 Boston Patriots T 31–31
23,620
5 October 15, 1967 Kansas City Chiefs W 45–31
45,355
6 October 22, 1967 at Denver Broncos W 38–21
34,465
7 October 29, 1967 at Oakland Raiders L 51–10
53,474
8 November 12, 1967 Miami Dolphins W 24–0
34,761
9 November 19, 1967 at Kansas City Chiefs W 17–16
46,738
10 November 23, 1967 Denver Broncos W 24–20
34,586
11 December 3, 1967 Oakland Raiders L 41–21
52,661
12 December 10, 1967 at Miami Dolphins L 41–24
23,007
13 December 16, 1967 at Houston Oilers L 24–17
19,870
14 December 24, 1967 New York Jets L 42–31
34,580

[Democracia Feliz]

Einar Hildrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Einar Hildrum (10 January 1902 – 31 January 1991) was a Norwegian horticulturalist.

He was born in Overhalla as a farmer's son. He attended various schools before studying garden architecture at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1926 to 1929. In 1934 he was hired as a secretary in the Norwegian Horticulture Society, succeeding Olav Skard.[1] He edited the society's magazine Norsk Hagetidend from 1935 to 1960.[2] He also edited a quarterly periodical from 1935 to 1939, the yearbook Frukt og Bær from 1948 as well as the annual publication Minneliste for hagedyrkere and the quintennial publication Sortsliste for hagedyrkere.[1]

From 1953 to 1970 Hildrum was the director of the Norwegian Horticulture Society.[2] Hildrum chaired the Norwegian Association of Landscape Architects from 1938 to 1939, and was an honorary member of both the Horticulture Society and the Association of Landscape Architects. In 1974 he was awarded the HM The King's Medal of Merit. He was married to Dagny Berre (1904–1995) since August 1933, and died in January 1991 in Oslo.[1]

[Tanzoria]

Maud or Matilda (c. 1074 – 1130/31) was the queen consort of King David I of Scotland. She was the great-niece of William the Conqueror and the granddaughter of Earl Siward.
[edit] Biography

Maud was the daughter of the Waltheof, the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton, and his Norman wife Judith of Lens. Her father was the last of the major Anglo-Saxon earls to remain powerful after the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and the son of Siward, Earl of Northumbria. Her mother was the niece of William the Conqueror.

She was married to Simon de Senlis (or St Liz) in about 1090.[1] He received the honour of Huntingdon (whose lands stretched across much of eastern England) probably in right of his wife from William Rufus before the end of the year 1090.[2][3]

She had three known children by him:[2]

Matilda of St Liz (Maud) (d. 1140); she married Robert FitzRichard of Tonbridge.
Simon of St Liz (d. 1153)
Saint Waltheof of Melrose (c. 1100 – 1159/60)

Her first husband died some time after 1111 and Maud next married David, the brother-in-law of Henry I of England, in 1113.[1][3] Through the marriage, David gained control over his wife's vast estates in England, in addition to his own lands in Cumbria and Strathclyde.[3] They had four children (two sons and two daughters):[1]

Malcolm (born in 1113 or later, died young)
Henry (c. 1114 – 1152)
Claricia (died unmarried)
Hodierna (died young and unmarried)

In 1124, David became King of Scots. Maud's two sons by different fathers, Simon and Henry, would later vie for the Earldom of Huntingdon.[3]

She died in 1130 or 1131 and was buried at Scone Abbey in Perthshire, but she appears in a charter of dubious origin dated 1147.[1]

[Boltor]

Oregon Route 6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the unsigned Highway 6, see Old Oregon Trail Highway.

Oregon Route 6 marker
Oregon Route 6
Route information
Maintained by ODOT
Length: 51.25 mi (82.48 km)
Existed: 1942 (Rerouted 1957) – present
Major junctions
West end: US 101.svg OR 131.svg US 101 and OR 131 in Tillamook
OR 47.svg OR 47 in Banks
East end: US 26.svg US 26 in North Plains
Highway system

Oregon Highways
Numbered Routes • Named Highways
← I-5 OR 7 →

Oregon Route 6 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oregon that runs between the city of Tillamook on the Oregon Coast, to the Willamette Valley, near Banks. It (or portions thereof) is also known as the Wilson River Highway No. 37 (see Oregon highways and routes), named after the river its westernmost segments run parallel to.

[Democracia Feliz]

Night World
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page.

Its citation style may be unclear. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. Tagged since March 2012.
It may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. Tagged since March 2012.

For the film, see Night World (1932 film). For the F. Paul Wilson novel series formerly known as Nightworld, see The Adversary Cycle.
Night World
Secret Vampire
Daughters of Darkness
Spellbinder
Dark Angel
The Chosen
Soulmate
Huntress
Black Dawn
Witchlight
Strange Fate
Author L. J. Smith
Language English
Genre Horror, Fantasy, Romance, Young-adult fiction
Publisher Simon & Schuster
Published 1996–1998, 2008–present
Media type Print (Hardcover & Paperback)

Night World is a series of ten young-adult fantasy novels by American author L. J. Smith. The series presents a story in which vampires, witches, werewolves and shape-shifters live among humans without their knowledge. These supernatural races make up a secret society known as the Night World, which enforces two fundamental laws to prevent discovery: 1) Never allow humans to gain knowledge of the Night World's existence and, 2) Never fall in love with one of them.

Each volume of the series follows a different protagonist (always a teenage girl) who must face various challenges involving love, the "Soulmate principle" and the Night World's strict code. In the first six novels, the plot focuses on the protagonist discovering her soulmate and the danger which ensues. In the seventh book of the series, the concept of an impending millennial apocalypse is introduced. Although the theme of the "Soulmate principle" continues to be present, the plot now focuses on the search for four "Wild Powers" who, according to an ancient prophecy, will either save the world or aid in its destruction. The series has been on the New York Times Bestseller List for children's books for 22 weeks as of May 19, 2009.

The concluding book in the series, Strange Fate, has been delayed for a decade and the release date is currently unconfirmed, with various websites stating different release dates.

On January 22, 2012, in response to a fan's question regarding the publication of Strange Fate, the concluding book in the Night World series, L.J. Smith stated on her website "Strange Fate will come out when I'm finished writing it. It is a very, very long book..I promise that I am working on it right now."
Contents
[hide]

1 Publishing history
2 Book Summaries
2.1 Secret Vampire
2.2 Daughters of Darkness
2.3 Spellbinder / Enchantress
2.4 Dark Angel
2.5 The Chosen
2.6 Soulmate
2.7 Huntress
2.8 Black Dawn
2.9 Witchlight
2.10 Strange Fate
3 The Soulmate Principle
4 Overview of species
4.1 Vampires
4.2 Witches
4.3 Werewolves
4.4 Shapeshifters
4.5 Humans
5 External links
6 Notes
7 References

[edit] Publishing history

The first nine books from the 'Night World series were originally published in 1996–1998 by Simon & Schuster. The release of the tenth and last book, Strange Fate, was put on hold when L. J. Smith took a hiatus from writing sometime in 1999. As from 2008, the nine Night World books were reprinted in three omnibus volumes while the release date of Strange Fate is currently unconfirmed.

For the recent reprint, some edits in attempts at modernisation have taken place such as the replacement of the word "walkman" with "iPod" in Daughters of Darkness.[1] However this seems to have led to some inconsistency, with references to iPods on one page of the novel followed by references to the previously used "walkman" on the next page.[1]
[edit] Book Summaries
[edit] Secret Vampire

Poppy is a normal teenage girl, until she is diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. Her best friend James, secretly a vampire and her soulmate, rushes to find a cure only to find out that less than three percent of patients with pancreatic cancer survive this horrific disease. So, James decides to turn Poppy into a vampire. After Poppy is turned, James' cousin, Ash, complicates things, abducts Poppy, and takes her to Las Vegas where they attend a party held by the Lord of the Night World so that Ash can turn her in (Poppy is an "illegal" vampire). James manages to save her, and it is revealed that Poppy has every right to know about the Night World because she is a "Lost" witch (a witch that is unaware of her magical heritage) by her father.
[edit] Daughters of Darkness

Vampire sisters Rowan, Kestrel, and Jade Redfern escape from their homeland on an island in the Night World to live with their Aunt Opal on Burdock Farm. Things take a turn for the worse when the girls discover their aunt has been killed and their ruthless brother Ash has followed them, to bring them home or kill them. Meanwhile, the sisters and Ash meet the Carters next door, and Ash, who hates humans, discovers that Mary-Lynette Carter, a human, is his soulmate and falls deeply in love with her. Although he is hesitant at first and they don't get along well, he cannot help his feelings and later proclaims his love for her. Jade is dating Mary-Lynnette's brother, Mark, her soulmate. In the end Mary-Lynnette's friend, Jeremy, who turns out to be a werewolf, tries to kill Ash, Kestrel, Jade and Rowan for hunting in his teritorry, and also tries to turn Mary-Lynette into a werewolf. With fire and a silver dagger/knife Mary-Lynnette kills Jeremy and Ash leaves to settle down the problem. The sisters will stay at Budrock Farm while Mary-Lynnette waits for Ash's return after sending him away for a year so she could have some time to think about their love and whether she would turn into a vampire.
[edit] Spellbinder / Enchantress

Thea and Blaise Harman are witch cousins and are like sisters. There's only one slight difference: Thea uses White magic and Blaise uses Black magic. Blaise uses her charm and magic to make boys do anything for her, including cutting themselves with razors and burning down schools. When they start over at a new school and Thea heals Eric Ross from a snake bite, Thea and Eric realize they are soulmates. Blaise is jealous that Eric has chosen Thea, and worried that Thea is breaking Night World law to be with Eric. In a desperate attempt to protect Eric from Blaise, Thea accidentally releases an angry spirit, that kills one of Blaise's admirers. Thea and Eric try their best to capture the angry spirit by luring it. But Thea is wanted by the Circle because she is not allowed to use that kind of magic, and so is Blaise and Thea's friend Dani. Thea manages to tell them that Eric is in trouble because the spirit was with him. She puts the spirit back where it came from. The Circle tells her that she cannot love a human so she chose to drink the Cup of Lethe, a drink that erases a part of your memory, erasing Thea's and Eric's knowing of Night World. However, Blaise had switched the drink with iced tea long before, therefore neither forget that the Night World exists.
[edit] Dark Angel

After a near-death experience in a forest, Gillian Lennox is brought back to life by a being who calls himself "Angel". He comes back with her and helps her change her life, whispering advice and making her the most popular girl at school and uniting her with her long-time crush. Everything is perfect until Angel starts making strange requests and people start getting hurt, and Gillian learns about her heritage. She is a descendant of one of the lost Harman babies. She learns that Angel is a spirit with unfinished business. She learns that Angel's real name is Gary Fargeon, her cousin who is a descendant of another lost Harman baby. His unfinished business is that he accidentally killed a girl when she disturbed a spell he was casting. She helps him cross over, leaving Gillian with her long-time crush and soulmate David Blackburn.
[edit] The Chosen

After witnessing the murder of her mother and friend by a ruthless vampire, Rashel Jordan becomes a vampire hunter known as The Cat, dedicating her life to killing all vampires one by one until she finds the one that killed her mother. One night she meets her soulmate, John Quinn, a cold-hearted and dangerous vampire. She finds herself abandoned by other vampire hunters, but feels the need to save teenage girls who're being kidnapped by vampires, including Quinn, for a blood feast. She infiltrates a vampire enclave and rescues the girls and plans to kill any vampires she can. Quinn suddenly helps Rashel after a futile attempt at turning her into a vampire. They discover that Hunter Redfern is behind the blood feast, and Rashel remembers him as the ruthless vampire that killed her mother but she finds out that Timmy was turned into a vampire at the age of four and raised by Hunter. Rashel's friend Nyala, a vengeful, unbalanced vampire hunter, sets the house on fire and Quinn saves Rashel, Timmy and Nyala. They get away from the island. Rashel's anger and bitterness for all vampires dissolves, and she and Quinn decide to join Circle Daybreak.
[edit] Soulmate

Hannah Snow has been having nightmares and keeps finding notes written in her own handwriting, warning her that she is in danger and will die before her seventeenth birthday. Worried about her sanity, she begins hypnosis with a psychologist, Paul Winfield, going back through time and reliving her past lives, connecting to each of them and discovering that her soulmate is Thierry Descoudres, a vampire and a Lord of the Night World. And now Thierry and his enemy Maya have found Hannah, and Hannah's life is at stake. Hannah first thought that Thierry was the one that killed her but it was Maya in an illusion, disguising herself as Thierry. Hannah goes to his house and meets the other members of Circle Daybreak, a group of humans, vampires, wolves, witches and shapeshifters, all hoping for peace between Night World and the human race. But she is captured by Maya, and she attempts to turn Hannah into a vampire so when she kills Hannah, her cycle of reincarnating would be over because she has no soul. But instead she kills Maya. Hannah decides to be human and live her life until death while Thierry waits for her return again.
[edit] Huntress

Jez Redfern thought she was a full vampire, but soon finds out she is in fact half-human. She runs away from her gang and Uncle Bracken to live with her human relatives. She only goes back when Circle Daybreak asks her to go on a dangerous mission: to fight her worst enemy, best friend, and soulmate, Morgead Blackthorn for the Wild Power. It turns out that the person thought to be the Wild Power is a fake. When she meets her friend Hugh, an Old Soul, Jez's annoying cousin Claire follows her and overhears everything. They are soon after attacked by two werewolves and a vampire. When she and Claire fall off on the train tracks, Jez sees blue fire, power of a Wild Power, and thinks Claire is the one. When she, Claire, Hugh, and Morgead are captured by Lily Redfern, who is in search of the Wild Power, Jez figures out the meaning of the prophecy. She is one of the Wild Powers and her blood must be spilled to release the blue fire. Morgead convinces her not to let go and give up when she is staked by Lily and does not die. Jez and Morgead then join Circle Daybreak.
[edit] Black Dawn

Maggie stumbles upon an old Night World kingdom when trying to rescue her brother from a witch, where she meets a vampire prince. Delos Redfern, who is not only the ruler of the Night World, but is one of the four wild powers, with the power of blue fire. Though he is distant, he continuously saves her, while stating he won't help her again. The two soon learn that they are soulmates, though Delos refuses it, and tells her to leave. Maggie does not, and remains in the Night World to find her brother. Delos' great-grandfather, Hunter Redfern arrives to take over the kingdom with Delos' help. After arriving at the castle, against Delos' orders, Maggie sees him, and convinces him to take her side. He does, realizing that Hunter is an enemy, though it takes a while for him to care for anyone else. Delos soon discovers that changing sides is useless, as his powers are bound by a spell, and he cannot fight against any of them. Maggie finds out that her brother was turned into a shapeshifting falcon by his girlfriend, Sylvia, a witch. Sylvia is killed by Hunter Redfern after she releases the spell binding Delos's powers. Hunter Redfern is presumably killed by Delos' using the blue fire. Maggie is happy because she found her brother and her soulmate. However, no one can rest yet because the witches have seceded from the Night World Council, leading war against vampires and witches. Two Wild Powers have been found, who are now on the side of Circle Daybreak. Only two more remain.
[edit] Witchlight

Raksha Keller and her team race to a mall to save the new Wild Power, Iliana Harman. The new Wild Power is destined to marry Galen Drache a shapeshifter of the first house, so the shapeshifters will side with the witches and not the vampires. But when Keller realizes the wild power's betrothed, Galen Drache, is in fact her soulmate, their love could destroy the world. Also, the Night World shapeshifters have been attacking humans very often, and ends up killing the crone of the witches, Grandma Harman. The Night World has an awaken dragon that can turn into anything that it touches. Iliana's deaf friend, Jaime, is hosting a party and it is the same night of the ceremony that bonds the witches and shapeshifters. Iliana tried to use her powers to save Jaime because a car was going to hit her but she couldn't so she has to pretend that she is the Wild Power and Witch Child at the ceremony. She says that she will only help if she can go to the party. The people who are helping her agree and go with to protect her from the dragon. Before they went, they put up guards all around the house and made sure that the dragon didn't go in because they still believe that Iliana is the Wild Power. The night before the party, Keller and Galen stay up looking through scrolls, trying to find information about the dragon because only the shapeshifters can read the writing. They find out that dragons have horns and if you cut them all off, they can no longer shapeshift. At the party, Jaime's brother, Brett, tells Keller that Iliana's little brother ran away, and she is on the phone. Keller goes into Jaime's room and picks up the phone and asks Brett to leave the room. When he did, she found out that there was no one on the other line. She tried to leave the room but the door was locked. She shapeshifted into a panther and jumped out the window and reentered the party through a window and went to find Iliana. She was nowhere to be found so she asked Brett where she was and he told her that they were in the basement. She runs through an underground tunnel and finds her friends and Iliana badly hurt. She attacks the dragon, Jaime, several times and gets three out of the five horns off. Galen gets up and turns into a leopard and gets off another one. Keller saw her witch friend whisper something to Iliana and Iliana stood up. She chanted a spell and made blue fire appear and destroy the dragon while healing everyone else. Instead of Iliana, Keller gets promised to Galen because the witches and shapeshifters can be on the same side if they do a blood cross between Iliana and Keller.
[edit] Strange Fate

Book ten follows a sixteen-year-old girl named Sarah Strange, who has mysterious dreams of Night World inhabitants. It is intended to be the conclusion of the entire series, leading up to the apocalypse. This is an epic volume, which, on January 22, 2012, L.J. Smith claimed at her website under the Burning Fan Questions section "shows the endgame for nearly all the main characters you have seen in the Night World series as Ash helps them. It tells of Sarah Strange and her two soulmates (one of whom is the last Wild Power, Kierlan Drache!)"
[edit] The Soulmate Principle

In the series, the soulmate principle is the theory that if two people are connected by a silver cord (which can only be seen by the soulmates) then they are soulmates. The silver cord can also be used to sense what his/her soulmate is feeling. In "Black Dawn," Maggie senses Delos's feeling by focusing on their silver cord. The strength of the soulmate connection differs, in "Secret Vampire," Poppy and James have been friends for years, but only realize they are soulmates when James drinks Poppy's blood. In "Daughters of Darkness," Mary-Lynnette felt an electric jolt when she first shook Ash's hand and so did Ash. In "The Chosen," Rashel's bare hand brushes Quinn's, and they both receive a shivering jolt. Soulmates also have the ability to completely enter his/her soulmate's mind. When this occurs, their minds are forcibly opened to each other and they can explore their memories, thoughts, and feeling freely. In "Huntress," it is revealed that memories can be blocked, but any lapse in concentration or an excessive time in each other's mind will remove the blockages one tries to make. This occurs (usually by accident) in every story when the soulmates find each other and either kiss, touch, or one of them drink the other's blood.
[edit] Overview of species
[edit] Vampires

Smith's vampires are fairly different from the traditional concept of vampires. They also differ from vampires in the universe she created in The Vampire Diaries. In Night World, there are two types of vampires: the lamia (pronounced lay-me-uh) and the "made vampires".

In the Night World books, "Lamia is the term in this series for those who are born as vampires."[2] They age, eat and grow as humans do, but also have the ability to stop the aging process at any point they please; however, once a lamia that has stopped aging decides to begin aging again, the aging process will be accelerated so that their physical appearance will match their true age in a short amount of time. Also, the Lamia are able to have children, unlike the "made vampires".

Made vampires are humans that have been made into vampires by exchanging blood with lamia or with another made vampire. Since older people cannot survive the physical transition, all made vampires look about age nineteen or younger. Also, unlike lamia vampires, made vampires do not age, eat and cannot reproduce. If a made vampire does not receive enough blood from the vampire and dies, they will awaken as a ghoul, where their only aim in life is to kill and eat.

Both lamia and made vampires have superhuman strength, speed, and agility and can have telepathic powers. Sunlight does not destroy vampires, but weakens them. Unlike vampires in other fiction, cannot transform into bats (with the exception of the original vampire, Maya). Like in most vampire lore, they need human blood to survive. Smith's explanation is that vampire cells are unable to carry oxygen and therefore, vampires must acquire human blood cells for them to breathe (thus making blood consumption more to do with respiration than nutrition.) They are immortal but can be killed and are vulnerable to wood and fire.

The first vampire in existence, Maya, was originally a witch. In her quest for power and immortality, she became the first vampire by the use of powerful magic, which involved drinking the blood of infants. Maya bore a son, Red Fern, who became the ancestor of all lamia vampires. The first made vampire was a boy from Maya's tribe named Thierry, who was transformed against his will and stars in Soulmate. All made and lamia vampires however descend from Maya. As Maya is the first vampire in existence, she has many abilities her descendants do not (since their vampire blood is diluted), such as shapeshifting. She also retains her ability to perform magic. Despite the fact that the first vampire was a woman, vampires (particularly the lamia) are a very patriarchal society. There are also vampires from the Redfern family who have a greater concentration of witch blood, from a "kinship ceremony" enacted by Hunter Redfern and Maeve Harman.

The symbol for lamia vampires is not mentioned in the book. Lamia characters such as Ash Redfern are known to carry the image of a black iris which is the symbol for the Black Iris Club, a lamia club which is open to all denizens of the Night World. The symbol for made vampires is the black rose, as stated in Daughters of Darkness, the second story of the Night World series, as well as Soulmate, the sixth story.

Vampires ruled in the 3rd Age.

The main vampires in the series: Lamia -

Ash Redfern - One of the leading characters in the second book of the series, Ash is described as having ash-blonde hair with ever-changing eyes (his eyes change colour depending on his mood). He is a very arrogant and lazy bad boy who prefers to play with humans and is very selfish; though all of that changes when he meets Mary-Lynnette Carter, his soulmate whom he loves enough to change his entire life. Ash leaves at the end of the book to make up for his past mistakes, planning to return to Mary-Lynnette afterwards.

James Rassmussen - The second lead character in the first book, James has grey eyes and brown hair and is described as looking like James Dean by his soulmate. He is considered a bad boy in his school but acts like that to hide his true nature. When he is near his best friend, and later soulmate, Poppy North, we are shown that he is a gentle boy who doesn't care about humans other than Poppy. He is a cousin of Ash from his mother's side.

Jezebel 'Jez' Redfern - Jez is the protagonist of the seventh book Huntress. Believing she is a full vampire, she is a leader of a Night World group that hunts humans at the beginning of the book but later realises that she is half-human as her mother was a human while her father was a vampire. She has long, curly, flaming red hair and silvery-blue eyes. She is described as being stubborn and hotheaded by her soulmate Morgead Blackthorn, the second leader of her group. She is a cousin of James and Ash. Jez is the first Wild Power.

Morgead Blackthorn - Morgead is Jez's soulmate and is seventeen years old. He is conceited, hotheaded, stubborn, and power-hungry. Morgead is the second leader of the group. His mother left when he was young and he tries to hide the loneliness this made him feel. He has gem-green eyes and dark hair. He hates humans though later joins Circle Daybreak when he realises that in fact his best friend and soulmate is half-human, as well as a wild power.

Rowan, Kestrel and Jade Redfern - Rowan, Kestel and Jade are the sisters of Ash and the blood sisters of Mary-Lynnette and Mark Carter. They ran away from a small island to Briar Creek in order to live as normal people rather than be controlled. In the process they meet Mary-Lynnette Carter, who in fact turns out to be Ash's soulmate, and her brother, Mark, who turns out to be Jade's soulmate. Rowan is the oldest of the family and is gentle, and caring with chestnut-coloured hair and sweet brown eyes. Kestrel is the opposite with her long, golden hair and golden eyes. She is described by Mary-Lynnette as a real Night World member as she enjoys hunting and acts careless. Jade is the youngest sister and has long, silvery-blonde hair which she uses to hide her face; an act that people take as shyness but is really an act she uses to hide her inner feelings. She has green eyes and is bubbly.

Delos Redfern - Delos is the unknown prince of the Dark Kingdom and is the great-great-grandson of Hunter Redfern. He is very strong and is the second Wild Power. Delos hates humans and mixing with others and even though people think of him as a selfish boy, he truly feels vulnerable on the inside. He has yellow eyes and black hair and is the soulmate of a human girl called Maggie Neely, the protagonist of the eighth book Black Dawn.

Made vampires -

John Quinn 'Quinn' - Quinn is a cold hearted man who is the Heir of the Redfern and has a dark secret which makes him be the mysterious cold-blooded vampire he is. This is until he meets his soulmate Rashel Jordan who is the most feared vampire hunter in the record of the Night World and is known as 'The Cat'. This brings back all of Quinn's past secrets and causes him to betray his leader Hunter and his daughter Lily.

Poppy North - Poppy is the protagonist of the first book Secret Vampire. She is James's childhood best friend and later his soulmate. Poppy is stubborn and quite hyper all the time but is also curious and has a dream of marrying James when they grow up as she secretly loves him. She also wants to travel around the world and has a taste for music like James. She has coppery-curly hair with green eyes and is the twin sister of Phillip North. She and her brother are found to be witches on their father's side.

Thierry Descoudres - Thierry is the Lord of the Night World as he is the second ever vampire and everyone obeys him. He has been waiting for his soulmate to be reincarnated for thousands of years as she was killed by accident by Thierry in her first lifetime, and by the first vampire, Maya, in every lifetime after that before her seventeenth birthday. He has mid-long blonde hair which is put back into a ponytail and dark eyes. He is leader of Circle Daybreak and planning to get hold of all the Wild Power in order to win the final, upcoming battle between Circle Daybreak and the Night World.
[edit] Witches

Witches, as depicted in the Night World series, are a matriarchal society bearing a strong resemblance to the neopagan religion of Wicca and to the Goddess movement. They trace their descent to an ancient tribe ruled by Hecate Witch-Queen, and later by her daughter Hellewise Hearth-Woman. All witches are considered to be 'daughters of Hellewise', although the Harman family are direct genetic descendants traced through the female line. Hellewise's sister, Maya, became the first vampire; thus all vampires are descended through Maya from Hecate Witch-Queen.[3]

Witch society is composed of 'Circles' to whom all witches belong. Those who take to heart Hellewise's bidding to 'harm none' (which is in fact the Wiccan Rede) belong to Circle Twilight, while Circle Midnight is made up of witches who practice darker magic. The Inner Circle is a coven of the nine most magically talented witches, who are 'the witch geniuses, the prodigies and the sages, the far-seers, the teachers, the policy-makers'[4] as quoted by Thea Harman in Spellbinder. The most important of these are the triad of the Maiden, Mother and Crone, positions which during the events of the books are held respectively by Aradia, The Maiden, Cybele, The Mother, and Grandma Harman, The Crone. All witches are answerable to the Inner Circle before the Night World council, although an association probably exists between them, but this isn't specified.

A third renegade Circle also exists, known as Circle Daybreak, first mentioned in Spellbinder, which promotes the teaching of magic to humans and peace between the races. This circle used to exist alongside the other two but was banned due to the persecution of witches during the Burning Times. Circle Daybreak is kept secret from the rest of the Night World, although a few suspect its renewed existence. During the events leading up to the apocalypse, the witches opt to leave the Night World and join Circle Daybreak, as they want to help save the world, whereas the Night World council and most of the vampires want to take over and enslave the other races.[5]

Witches practice magic with the aid of herbs, gemstones, effigies and incantations, all of which may be used in a spell; they worship the Goddess in her many manifestations, celebrate Samhain, and probably other festivals on the Wheel of the Year.[6] However their magic is innate and does not always require external aids, although these can accentuate their power.[5] Human psychics in the series are "lost witches" who are unaware of their true descent.[7]

Identifying symbols for Night World witches are the black dahlia and the crescent moon with three stars.[6] The symbol for "lost witches" is a black violet. Iron is mentioned in Daughters of Darkness as their poison.

Witches ruled in the 2nd Age.

The main Witches in the series:

Thea Harman - Thea is a sweet girl compared to her cousin and is the main protagonist of Enchantress. She has long, blonde hair and sweet brown eyes. She wants to be a vet when she grows up and even though she doesn't like humans to know about her nature, she still does help them. She has a human soulmate called Eric Ross and is a cross-cousin of the Redferns. She is the persona of Hellewise, one of the two original daughters of Hecate Witch-Queen.

Blaise Harman - Blaise is one of the lead characters in the third book. She is a witch royal who is described as being a girl who bewitches boys for sport and hates humans. She is a cross-cousin of the Redferns and the cousin (almost sister) of the protagonist of the book, Thea. She has long, dark hair and smoky, grey eyes. She is described as the persona of Maya, the original Vampire and original daughter of Hecate.

Gillian Lennox (Harman) - Gillian is a lost witch who is told of her heritage by her dead cousin who comes back as an "Angel". She is a petite girl with short silver-blonde hair and violet eyes. She is a distant cousin of Thea and Blaise as well as the Redferns. She has a human soulmate called David Blackburn with whom she joins Circle Daybreak.

Iliana Dominick (Harman) - Iliana is the third wildpower. She is also said to be the Witch Child . Even though she was supposed to marry the prince of the shapeshifters, she refused as she knew that he was bonded with Keller, who was more important to her.

Poppy North - Poppy was a lost witch like her twin brother, Phillip North, and dying of pancreatic cancer before her best friend, James, turns her into a vampire. James later learns that she is a witch when she dreams of Ash before they even meet, develops a strong telepathic ability, and screams to James while inside her dream about Ash. When she screamed in her dream, three people heard it: James, Phillip, and her dad. Poppy has curly brown (as seen on the book cover) hair and emerald green eyes.

Phillip North - Phillip is a lost witch and the twin brother of Poppy North. Phillip opposes Poppy and James' relationship, because of James' reputation, despite knowing James since he was four. When he learns about his real heritage, he chooses to live as a human though he does keep in contact with Poppy and knows about the other Night World creatures. Phillip is tall, smart, athletic, and has blond hair and green eyes.

Sylvia Weald - Sylvia is one of the character in Black Dawn. We are first introduced to her as someone who is dating Maggie Neely's brother whom she changes into a shapeshifter. She sides with Hunter to kill Delos though the maiden of witches, Aradia, stops her. She gets killed by one of Hunter's guardians as she later sides with Delos.
[edit] Werewolves

A werewolf is a type of shapeshifter. Because no main characters in any of the novels have been werewolves (Lupe Acevedo in Soulmate was only half-werewolf and she was a minor character; and there was barely anything known about Jeremy Lovett from Daughters of Darkness), less is known about this species than others. In Night World, werewolves (sometimes called 'wolves or just wolves) can transform from human to wolf (and vice versa) at will. In Daughters of Darkness, werewolves are described as wolves that take human form, rather than the reverse. This means that they have animal instincts and urges, even in human form. This is all contrary to modern werewolf lore where a werewolf is basically a normal person but undergoes an involuntary transformation. Though it is not stated explicitly, it appears that, like vampires, werewolves can be born as such and also be made.

Unlike vampires, werewolves must kill every time they feed because they need to consume organs. Thus, Night World law states that werewolves can only kill and eat animals. In the Night World, werewolves are treated as second-class citizens and are the victims of prejudice and racism. As in modern werewolf lore, Night World werewolves are harmed by silver. The symbol for werewolves is a black foxglove. It is unknown when or if they ever ruled, although it is unlikely, as they are described by other members of the night world (such as James) as having low intelligence levels.

Main werewolves in the series:

Jeremy Lovett - Jeremy is seen in the second book Daughter of Darkness as he is best friends with Mary-Lynette Carter, the protagonist of the book. Mary-Lynette thinks of him as a vulnerable boy since he doesn't have anyone to live with. However, this is not entirely true. He is a territorial were-wolf who doesn't obey Night World law and kills his uncle as well as a hiker in the woods. He fell in love with Mary-Lynette and was killed by her when he tried to kill her soulmate Ash Redfern and turn her into a were-wolf.

Lupe Acevedo - Lupe is different from any other werewolf described and seen in the series. She is a smart and one of Thierry's best assassins even though she is only 15. She is half-human, half-werewolf and got her father killed for breaking the law (being the offspring of a human and a werewolf) before Thierry saved her. She saves Hannah when she is attacked by other werewolves in the sixth book Soulmate. She has silvery-brown hair with yellow eyes.
[edit] Shapeshifters

Shapeshifters appear later in the series; no main character is a shapeshifter until the ninth book, Witchlight. Before that, only allusions to shapeshifters are made, usually in the context of a Night Person explaining the Night World to a human and listing the Night World species. In Witchlight, the protagonist, Keller, is a shapeshifter. She has the ability to change into the form of a panther at will.

Some history about shapeshifters is given in the novel: Shapeshifters had control of the world long before witches and vampires. Their leaders were known as "Dragons", beings that could change into the form of any animal as long as they have had physical contact to that animal.To kill a dragon you must take off all of its horns. The more horns it has the more powerful it is (normally shapeshifters can only change into one pre-determined animal form). The witches rose to power and put the dragons to sleep, except for the youngest one - the dragon princess who was only 4 at the time, the witches left her awake and raised her carefully watching over her. All of the ruling house of shapeshifters are descendant from her. The descendants of the ruling house have the ability to choose what animal they will become, but this choice is permanent.

In the early books of the series, werewolves and shapeshifters are described as separate groups or races of the Night World. For example, in Daughters of Darkness, Night World is described as comprising vampires, "witches and werewolves and shapeshifters, too".[8] Though never explicitly stated, the later books tend to treat werewolves as a subset of shapeshifters. In Witchlight, when Keller tells the history of shapeshifters, she lists felines, bears, eagles, and wolves as groups or clans within the shapeshifter race.[9] The description of both werewolves and shapeshifters as second-class citizens also supports the notion that werewolves are a subset, or one family, of shapeshifters. However, in Witchlight there is no real mention of Keller feeding or abiding by the rules for werewolves described in Daughters of Darkness.

Since werewolves are a type of shapeshifter, all 'shifters are hurt by silver

The symbol for shapeshifters is a black lily, type differs, e.g. tigers use tiger lilies.

Main Shapeshifters in the series:

Raksha Keller 'Keller' - Keller is the protagonist of the ninth book Witchlight and leads Circle Daybreak's best team. She is strong and secretive and she never shows her inner feelings to anyone else whatsoever. She is a half shapeshifter and can turn into a panther. She prefers to work hard and repay back Circle Daybreak for what they did for her as she grew up with them since her mother abandoned her. Keller has long, black hair with silvery-grey eyes and is the only shapeshifter that has taken a main role in the series. She is the soulmate of the prince of the shapeshifters, Galen Drache, and the blood sister of Ilianna Dominick-Harman. In the author's website, we learn that she is Rashel Jordan's fraternal twin.

Galen Drache - Galen is the prince of the first House of the Shapeshifters and the soulmate of Raksha Keller. He is gentle, loving and caring like Ilianna who isn't a fighter but does try his best when Keller is about to get killed by the Dragon. He was supposed to marry Ilianna but when Ilianna finds he is Keller's soulmate, she tells them that their love is something no one could ever interfere with. He has golden hair with green-golden eyes and becomes a leopard at the end of the book even though he wanted to be a bird.

Miles Neely - Miles is a made shapeshifter who can turn into a falcon and the older brother of Maggie Neely. He got turned into a shapeshifter by his girlfriend Sylvia Weald. He looks exactly the same as Maggie but with a male structure with brown eyes and auburn hair.
[edit] Humans

Humans have a main role as some of the protagonists in the series. They have been ruling the world since after the vampires, which is why members of the Night World must keep its existence a secret. It is one of the main reasons the apocalypse is nearing due to the Night World wanting to regain control of the world and make humans their slaves. However, Circle Daybreak is fighting off the Night World in order to keep things the way they are. Humans in the series can be reincarnated through time the way Hannah Snow in Soulmate and Hugh in Huntress are since Hellewise.

Main Humans in the series:

Mary-Lynnette Carter - Mary-Lynnette is the protagonist of Daughter of Darkness and the blood sister of the Redfern sisters, the soulmate of Ash Redfern and the older sister of Mark Carter. Mary-Lynnette is an astronomy lover spending her time star-watching at night and is more of a night person than a day person. She is curious about everything and thinks of herself as Nancy Drew. Mare (one of her nicknames) is very protective of Mark as well as being responsible for him. She often displays an ironic sense of humour and is very strong and doesn't follow Ash when they realize they are soulmates but tells him to fix his past mistakes then come back. Mary-Lynnette has long brown hair with blue eyes.

Mark Carter - Mark is the younger brother of Mary-Lynette, the soulmate of Jade Redfern and the blood brother of the Redfern sisters. He is very shy and doesn't like to mix with others but when he sees Jade for the first time, he falls in love. With Jade's help, he convinces the other two Redfern sisters not to kill him and Mary-Lynette. He has brown hair with blue eyes.

Eric Ross - Eric is one of the lead characters in Spellbinder and is a gentle boy who everyone runs after. He is very shy and timid, yet despite this he is one of the most popular boys in his school with his sandy-colored hair and grey flecked-green eyes. He becomes Blaise's next target when they come to town though he isn't bewitched by her and he falls in love with Thea. His and Thea's love risks expulsion from the Night World as she breaks a very strong law that could end not only their lives but everyone else's.

David Blackburn - David is one of the lead characters in Dark Angel. He is the most popular boy in his school and the boy Gillian Lennox had a secret crush on since when she first saw him when she was twelve. David has brown hair with brown eyes and tan skin and he himself reveals he loves Gillian when they go to a party as he heard of the affair between his longtime girlfriend Tanya and another boy.

Rashel Jordan - Rashel, also known as 'The Cat' by vampires, is the most feared vampire hunter in the record of Night World and uses the phrase 'This Kitten Has Claws' in memory of her mother who used to call her kitten and makes a mark on her victim's forehead resembiling a cat's claws. She is the protagonist of The Chosen. Her best friend was kidnapped and changed into a vampire when he was only four and her mother was killed by Hunter when she was five. This is the main reason she becomes a vampire hunter and it leads her to meet her cold-hearted soulmate Quinn, who she wants to kill. She later becomes a vampire hunter who only hunts 'bad vampires' and she and Quinn are known as the best fighters when they join Circle Daybreak. In the authors website, it is revealed that she is in fact half-shapeshifter and is the twin sister of Raksha Keller. Rashel has long black hair which is tied back and piercing green eyes.

Hannah Snow - Hannah is the protagonist of Soulmate and an old soul who has been reincarnated since the Stone Age when she first saw her soulmate Thierry, who was known as Theorn at that time while she was known as Hana of the Three Rivers. Hannah gets killed by the first vampire Maya Redfern due to her loving Thierry. She has a birth mark on her right cheek (which is from the first and only time Thierry accidentally killed her) with long blonde hair and grey eyes. She is a sweet girl and is known as the Lady of Circle Daybreak. In one of the short stories in the author's website, it is been said that she has gone off to fight in the apocalypse.

Hugh Davis - Hugh is one of the characters in Huntress. He is a rarely-found wakened Old Soul, which means he remembers all of his past lives. According to Jez, he becomes smarter and more clearheaded with each life, and also more gentle. Hugh is a Daybreaker, and was the one to trust Jez enough to let her join Circle Daybreak. He is also the one to talk her into going to get the Wild Power from Morgead. Even though he isn't a fighter, he proves that he is somewhat capable when he fends off a werewolf by himself. Hugh is described as having longish light hair and gray eyes and is muscled but compact. It is hinted at that he likes Jez as more than a good friend.

Maggie Neely - Maggie is the protagonist of the 8th book Black Dawn and is human who is a deliverer and is mentioned in one of the Witches' prophecy. Maggie is described as being careless and loves playing soccer. She is strong girl who is admired by the witches and the only one who is able to handle Delos Redfern, her ancient-like soulmate who isn't with the new technology. Maggie has shoulder-length auburn hair with brown eyes. She is seventeen and is a Circle Daybreak member.
[edit] External links

L.J. Smith's Official Website.
Night World Information Collective This site contains information about the books, characters, and concepts of the Night World series.
Night World Official Website
Review of all Night World published books
Fanlisting for the Night World series.

[edit] Notes

^ a b L.J.Smith (Reprint) Daughters of Darkness
^ Deborah Wilson Overstreet, Not your mother's vampire: vampires in young adult fiction (2006), 57.
^ Spellbinder
^ Spellbinderp.189
^ a b Black Dawn
^ a b Enchantress
^ Witchlight
^ Daughters of Darkness, p.125
^ Witchlight, p.140

[edit] References

An interview with L.J. Smith. Bookalicious.
Smith, L.J. Trying to catch up. Ye Olde Blog by L.J.
Smith, L.J. Latest news. L.J. Smith's Amazon Blog.
Smith, L.J. (1996). Daughters of Darkness. New York: Archway. ISBN 0-671-55136-5.
Smith, L.J. (1996). Enchantress. Hodder Children's Books. ISBN 0-340-69001-1.
Smith, L.J. (1996). The Chosen. Hodder Children's Books. ISBN 0-340-69003-8.
Smith, L.J. (1997). Black Dawn. Hodder Children's Books. ISBN 0-340-70954-5.
Smith, L.J. (1998). Witchlight. New York: Archway. ISBN 0-671-01477-3.

www.ljanesmith.net/www/author/burning-fan-questions (22 January 2012)
View page ratings
Rate this page
What's this?
Trustworthy
Objective
Complete
Well-written
I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional)
Categories:

Novel series
Works by L. J. Smith

Log in / create account

Article
Talk

Read
Edit
View history

Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia

Interaction

Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia

Toolbox
Print/export
Languages

Español
Français
Polski
Português

This page was last modified on 10 March 2012 at 03:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Contact us

Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Mobile view

Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki

[Boltor]

Valdivian Fort System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Fort System of Valdivia are a series of Spanish colonial fortifications at Corral Bay, Valdivia and Cruces River established to protect the city of Valdivia, in southern Chile. During the period of Spanish rule (1552–1820), it was one of the biggest systems of fortification in the Americas.[1] It was also a major supply source for Spanish ships that crossed the Strait of Magellan.

[Tanzoria]

The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) is a wildfowl and wetland conservation charity in the United Kingdom. Its patron is Queen Elizabeth II.

It was founded in 1946 by the ornithologist and artist Sir Peter Scott, initially as the Severn Wildfowl Trust. It has over 200,000 members and nine reserves with visitor centres, together covering over 20 km² which support over 150,000 birds and receive over one million visitors per year. The sites include seven SSSIs (site of Special Scientific Interest), five SPAs (Special Protection Areas) and five Ramsar sites.

WWT Arundel, West Sussex
WWT Caerlaverock, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland (the only centre with accommodation)
WWT Castle Espie, County Down, Northern Ireland
WWT London Wetlands Centre
WWT National Wetlands Centre, Carmarthenshire, Wales
WWT Martin Mere, Lancashire
WWT Slimbridge, Gloucestershire
WWT Washington, Tyne and Wear
WWT Welney, Cambridgeshire

WWT also operates a consultancy business called WWT Consulting that provides external clients with a comprehensive range of wetland services. These include: ecological survey and assessment; habitat design and management; visitor centre planning and design; and wetland treatment systems.

[Boltor]

Rafael Costa Silva Sandes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rafael Costa Silva Sandes or simply Rafael Sandes (born August 5, 1987 in Itabuna), is a Brazilian goalkeeper. He currently plays for Corinthians.

[Tanzoria]

Take It EZ" is the debut single by Chicago rapper Common from his debut album Can I Borrow a Dollar?. It is produced by 2 pc.DRK, a production team made up of Immenslope and Twilite Tone. The song's beat mixes keyboards and saxophone playing by Lenny Underwood and Tony Orbach respectively, as well as a sample from "When Will the Day Come" by Rasa. Its beat anticipates the soulful production from Common's second album, Resurrection.[1] It reached #5 on the Hot Rap Singles chart making it the most popular single from Common's debut album. Stanton Swihart of Allmusic considers it to be a standout track on the album.[2]

[Paffnia]

Edrich

Edrich is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bill Edrich (1916–1986), English cricketer, Middlesex and England batsman
Brian Edrich (1922–2009), English cricketer, Kent and Glamorgan batsman
Eric Edrich (1914–1993), English cricketer, Lancashire wicket-keeper
Geoff Edrich (1918–2004), English cricketer, Lancashire batsman
John Edrich (born 1937), English cricketer, Surrey and England batsman
Justin Edrich (born 1961), English cricketer, Suffolk batsman

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edrich

[Duckyian Empire]

Paul Richard Halmos (Hungarian: Halmos Pál; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a Hungarian-born American mathematician who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces). He was also recognized as a great mathematical expositor.

Contents [hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Accomplishments
4 Books by Halmos
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Halmos arrived in the U.S. at 13 years of age, but never lost his Hungarian accent. Halmos obtained his B.A. from the University of Illinois, majoring in philosophy and minoring in mathematics. He took only three years to obtain the degree, and was only 19 when he graduated. He then began a Ph.D. in philosophy; but, after failing his masters' oral exams,[1] he shifted to mathematics, graduating in 1938. Joseph L. Doob supervised his dissertation, titled Invariants of Certain Stochastic Transformations: The Mathematical Theory of Gambling Systems.

Career[edit]
Shortly after his graduation, Halmos left for the Institute for Advanced Study, lacking both job and grant money. Six months later, he was working under John von Neumann, which proved a decisive experience. While at the Institute, Halmos wrote his first book, Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces, which immediately established his reputation as a fine expositor of mathematics.

Halmos taught at Syracuse University, the University of Chicago (1946–60), the University of Michigan, the University of California at Santa Barbara (1976–78), the University of Hawaii, and Indiana University. From his 1985 retirement from Indiana until his death, he was affiliated with the Mathematics department at Santa Clara University.

Accomplishments[edit]
In a series of papers reprinted in his 1962 Algebraic Logic, Halmos devised polyadic algebras, an algebraic version of first-order logic differing from the better known cylindric algebras of Alfred Tarski and his students. An elementary version of polyadic algebra is described in monadic Boolean algebra.

In addition to his original contributions to mathematics, Halmos was an unusually clear and engaging expositor of university mathematics. He chaired the American Mathematical Society committee that wrote the AMS style guide for academic mathematics, published in 1973. In 1983, he received the AMS's Steele Prize for exposition.

In the American Scientist 56(4): 375–389, Halmos argued that mathematics is a creative art, and that mathematicians should be seen as artists, not number crunchers. He discussed the division of the field into mathology and mathophysics, further arguing that mathematicians and painters think and work in related ways.

Halmos's 1985 "automathography" I Want to Be a Mathematician is an account of what it was like to be an academic mathematician in 20th century America. He called the book "automathography" rather than "autobiography", because its focus is almost entirely on his life as a mathematician, not his personal life. The book contains the following quote on Halmos' view of what doing mathematics means:

Don't just read it; fight it! Ask your own questions, look for your own examples, discover your own proofs. Is the hypothesis necessary? Is the converse true? What happens in the classical special case? What about the degenerate cases? Where does the proof use the hypothesis?

What does it take to be ? I think I know the answer: you have to be born right, you must continually strive to become perfect, you must love mathematics more than anything else, you must work at it hard and without stop, and you must never give up.

Paul Halmos, 1985
In these memoirs, Halmos claims to have invented the "iff" notation for the words "if and only if" and to have been the first to use the “tombstone” notation to signify the end of a proof, and this is generally agreed to be the case. The tombstone symbol ∎ (Unicode U+220E) is sometimes called a halmos.[2]

In 2005, Halmos and his wife Virginia funded the Euler Book Prize, an annual award given by the Mathematical Association of America for a book that is likely to improve the view of mathematics among the public. The first prize was given in 2007, the 300th anniversary of Leonhard Euler's birth, to John Derbyshire for his book about Bernhard Riemann and the Riemann hypothesis: Prime Obsession.[3]

Books by Halmos[edit]
1942. Finite-Dimensional Vector Spaces. Springer-Verlag.[4]
1950. Measure Theory. Springer Verlag.[5]
1951. Introduction to Hilbert Space and the Theory of Spectral Multiplicity. Chelsea.[6]
1956. Lectures on Ergodic Theory. Chelsea.[7]
1960. Naive Set Theory. Springer Verlag.
1962. Algebraic Logic. Chelsea.
1963. Lectures on Boolean Algebras. Van Nostrand.
1967. A Hilbert Space Problem Book. Springer-Verlag.
1978 (with V. S. Sunder). Bounded Integral Operators on L² Spaces. Springer Verlag[8]
1985. I Want to Be a Mathematician. Springer-Verlag.
1987. I Have a Photographic Memory. Mathematical Association of America.
1991. Problems for Mathematicians, Young and Old, Dolciani Mathematical Expositions, Mathematical Association of America.
1996. Linear Algebra Problem Book, Dolciani Mathematical Expositions, Mathematical Association of America.
1998 (with Steven Givant). Logic as Algebra, Dolciani Mathematical Expositions No. 21, Mathematical Association of America.

[Ayunli]

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is the national anthem of the United States. The lyrics come from "Defence of Fort M'Henry",[1] a poem written in 1814 by the 35-year-old lawyer and amateur poet, Francis Scott Key, after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in the Chesapeake Bay during the Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a men's social club in London. "The Anacreontic Song" (or "To Anacreon in Heaven"), with various lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Key's poem and renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner", it would soon become a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one and a half octaves, it is known for being difficult to sing. Although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today.

"The Star-Spangled Banner" was recognized for official use by the Navy in 1889, and by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover.

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom. "Hail, Columbia" served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", whose melody is identical to "God Save the Queen", the British national anthem,[2] also served as a de facto anthem.[3] Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs would emerge to compete for popularity at public events, among them "The Star-Spangled Banner".

Contents [hide]
1 Early history
1.1 Francis Scott Key's lyrics
1.2 John Stafford Smith's music
1.3 National anthem
2 Lyrics
2.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics
2.2 Alternative lyrics
3 Modern history
3.1 Performances
3.2 Adaptations
4 References in film, television, literature
5 Custom
6 Translations
7 Media
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
10.1 Historical texts
10.2 Historical audio
Early history[edit]
Francis Scott Key's lyrics[edit]


Francis Scott Key's original manuscript copy of his "Star-Spangled Banner" poem. It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society.
On September 3, 1814, following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria, Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden, flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison. Their objective was to secure the exchange of prisoners, one of whom was Dr. William Beanes, the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key's who had been captured in his home. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers. Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans. At first, Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes, but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment.

Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. After the bombardment, certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it, but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington, the city's last line of defense.



An artist's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry
During the rainy night, Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort's smaller "storm flag" continued to fly, but once the shell and Congreve rocket[4] barrage had stopped, he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn. By then, the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised.

During the bombardment, HMS Erebus provided the "rockets' red glare". HMS Meteor provided at least some of the "bombs bursting in air".



The 15-star, 15-stripe "Star Spangled Banner Flag" which inspired the poem.
Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore's Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star Spangled Banner Flag and is today on display in the National Museum of American History, a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution. It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program.

Aboard the ship the next day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore. He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it "Defence of Fort M'Henry".

Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from an earlier song by Key, also set to the tune of The Anacreontic Song. The song, known as "When the Warrior Returns",[5] was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War.

According to the historian Robin Blackburn, the words "the hireling and slave" allude to the fact that the British attackers had many ex-slaves in their ranks, who had been promised liberty and demanded to be placed in the battle line "where they might expect to meet their former masters".[6]

John Stafford Smith's music[edit]


Sheet music version About this sound Play (help·info)


The memorial of John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England
Key gave the poem to his brother-in-law, Judge Joseph H. Nicholson, who saw that the words fit the popular melody "The Anacreontic Song", by English composer John Stafford Smith. This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society, an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London. Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore, who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17; of these, two known copies survive.

On September 20, both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song, with the note "Tune: Anacreon in Heaven". The song quickly became popular, with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it. Soon after, Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title "The Star-Spangled Banner", although it was originally called "Defence of Fort M'Henry". The song's popularity increased, and its first public performance took place in October, when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley's tavern. Washington Irving, then editor of The Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia, reprinted the song in November 1814.

By the early 20th century, there were various versions of the song in popular use. Seeking a singular, standard version, President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version. In response, the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement. Those musicians were Walter Damrosch, Will Earhart, Arnold J. Gantvoort, Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa. The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5, 1917 in a program that included Edward Elgar's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné's The Children's Crusade. The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch.[7] An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men's votes tallied, measure by measure.[8]

The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of melody to write the aria "Ovunque al mondo... ", in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly.

National anthem[edit]


Commemorative plaque in Washington, D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where "The Star-Spangled Banner" was first publicly sung
The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events, such as July 4th celebrations. On July 27, 1889, Secretary of the Navy Benjamin F. Tracy signed General Order #374, making "The Star-Spangled Banner" the official tune to be played at the raising of the flag.

In 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that "The Star-Spangled Banner" be played at military and other appropriate occasions. The playing of the song two years later during the seventh-inning stretch of the 1918 World Series, and thereafter during each game of the series is often noted as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game,[9] though evidence shows that the "Star-Spangled Banner" was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898. In any case, the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II.[10]

On November 3, 1929, Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon, Ripley's Believe it or Not!, saying "Believe It or Not, America has no national anthem".[11] In 1931, John Philip Sousa published his opinion in favor, stating that "it is the spirit of the music that inspires" as much as it is Key's "soul-stirring" words. By a law signed on March 3, 1931 by President Herbert Hoover, "The Star-Spangled Banner" was adopted as the national anthem of the United States of America.

Lyrics[edit]
O say can you see by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved home and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave![12]



Cover of sheet music for "The Star-Spangled Banner", transcribed for piano by Ch. Voss, Philadelphia: G. Andre & Co., 1862
Additional Civil War period lyrics[edit]
In indignation over the start of the American Civil War, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.[13] added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 which appeared in songbooks of the era.[14]

When our land is illumined with liberty's smile,
If a foe from within strikes a blow at her glory,
Down, down with the traitor that tries to defile
The flag of the stars, and the page of her story!
By the millions unchained,
Who their birthright have gained
We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained;
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave,
While the land of the free is the home of the brave.

Alternative lyrics[edit]
In a version hand-written by Francis Scott Key in 1840, the third line reads "Whose bright stars and broad stripes, through the clouds of the fight".[15]

Modern history[edit]
Main article: Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner
Performances[edit]

This article may contain excessive, poor, or irrelevant examples. Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions. (November 2012)


Crowd performing the US national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field.
The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range – a 12th. Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus.

In an attempt to take Baltimore, the British attacked Fort McHenry, which protected the harbor. Bombs were soon bursting in air, rockets were glaring, and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest. During the bombardment, a young lawyer named Francis Off Key [sic] wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner", and when, by the dawn's early light, the British heard it sung, they fled in terror.

—Richard Armour
Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words, which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip-synced.[citation needed] Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer(s) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it. Such situations have been lampooned in film (see below). The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks, such as Boston's Fenway Park, according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project.[16] For instance, pop singer Christina Aguilera performed wrong lyrics to the song prior to Super Bowl XLV, replacing the song's fourth line, "o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming", with an alteration of the second line, "what so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[17]

"The Star-Spangled Banner" is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States, as well as other public gatherings. Performances at particularly large events are often ended with a military flypast, but have also featured Challenger the eagle flying over the stadium before landing on his handler's gloved hand. The NHL requires arenas in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries,[18][better source needed] and it is usual for both American and Canadian anthems (with the "away" anthem first) to be played at Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays, Toronto FC, Vancouver Whitecaps, Montreal Impact, and the Toronto Raptors, the only Canadian MLB, MLS, and NBA teams, respectively.

At sporting events in Baltimore, the line "O say does that Star Spangled Banner yet wave" is preceded by the crowd yelling "O!" in homage to the Baltimore Orioles, who are nicknamed "The O's"; this was once common in nearby Washington, D.C. (where Capitals fans often emphasize the "red" - the team's main color - of "rockets' red glare") as well - lacking their own MLB franchise, the Orioles were very much a "home" team in the nation's capital - but has become rare since the arrival of the Nationals in 2005.[citation needed] At sporting events in Dallas-Fort Worth, the lines "Whose broad stripes and bright stars" and "O say does that star" are followed by the crowd shouting "Stars!" in homage to the Dallas Stars.[citation needed] However, at San Jose Sharks home games versus the Dallas Stars, fans are known to boo at the two occurrences of the word "star" in the song.[19][better source needed] In Raleigh, North Carolina at Carolina Hurricanes games, the crowd often emphasizes the word "red" as well. At sporting events in Houston, the first three words of the line "And the rockets' red glare" are followed by the crowd shouting "Rockets" in homage to the Houston Rockets.[citation needed] At sporting events in Atlanta, the final word is pluralized in homage to the Atlanta Braves. Also, UCF Knights fans yell "Knights" when the line "Gave proof through the night..." is sung.[citation needed] Fans at Arrowhead Stadium in Kansas City yell "home of the CHIEFS" in place of the anthem's final line.[citation needed] In addition, at University of Oklahoma football games, Sooner fans yell "home of the Sooners" in place of the anthem's final line.[20] At University of Virginia football games, Cavalier fans emphasize the word "Whose" in reference to an unofficial nickname for UVa sports teams, the Wahoos, or "Hoos" for short.[citation needed] At University of Michigan football games, students and fans salute at the words "So proudly we hail" referencing the official Michigan fight song, The Victors, which features a call to "Hail" to the university all throughout the song.[citation needed]

Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks. On September 12, 2001, the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace, London at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard, as a gesture of support for Britain's ally.[21] The following day at a St. Paul's Cathedral memorial service, the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem, an unprecedented occurrence.[22]

Adaptations[edit]
See also: The Star Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston song)


O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster
The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by mainstream America was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano. He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow, blues-style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series, between Detroit and St. Louis.[23] This rendition started contemporary "Star-Spangled Banner" controversies. The response from many in Vietnam-era America was generally negative, given that 1968 was a tumultuous year for the United States. Despite the controversy, Feliciano's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the "Star-Spangled Banner" heard in the years since.[24] One week after Feliciano's performance, the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised-fists at the 1968 Olympics while the "Star-Spangled Banner" played at a medal ceremony.

Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (Along with José Feliciano, the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the "rockets' red glare", and "bombs bursting in air", it became a late-1960s emblem. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedienne belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President.[25] Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the "Star-Spangled Banner" in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda which alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced to parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, "Yankee Rose" on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[26] A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of "Train Kept A-Rollin'" on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album.

In March 2005, a government-sponsored program, the National Anthem Project, was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem.[27]

References in film, television, literature[edit]
Several films have their titles taken from the song's lyrics. These include two films titled Dawn's Early Light (2000[28] and 2005);[29] two made-for-TV features titled By Dawn's Early Light (1990[30] and 2000);[31] two films titled So Proudly We Hail (1943[32] and 1990);[33] a feature (1977)[34] and a short (2005)[35] titled Twilight's Last Gleaming; and four films titled Home of the Brave (1949,[36] 1986,[37] 2004[38] and 2006).[39]

The Isaac Asimov short story "No Refuge Could Save" takes its title from a line in the third stanza. In the story, the protagonist notes that he once ferreted out a German spy during World War II because of the spy's knowledge of the third verse, which is virtually unknown by Americans.

Ken Burns' documentary Baseball consists of 9 "innings", each of which begins with a rendition of the Star-Spangled Banner that is historically appropriate for the period covered in that episode of the series.

Custom[edit]


Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma, Washington, on October 18, 1893, in the Bostwick building
United States Code, 36 U.S.C. § 301, states that during a rendition of the national anthem, when the flag is displayed, all present except those in uniform should stand at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute; men not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart; and individuals in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note; and when the flag is not displayed, all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed. Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute, in uniform, or place the right hand over the heart, if out of uniform. Recently enacted law in 2008 allows military veterans to salute out of uniform, as well.[40][41]

However, this statutory suggestion does not have any penalty associated with violations. 36 U.S.C. § 301 This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance.[42] For example, Jehovah's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem, though they are taught that standing is an "ethical decision" that individual believers must make based on their "conscience."[43][44][45]

Translations[edit]
As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country, the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages. In 1861, it was translated into German.[46] The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish-language version from 1919.[47] It has since been translated into Hebrew[48] and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants,[49] Latin American Spanish (with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006),[50] French by Acadians of Louisiana,[51] Samoan,[52] and Irish.[53] The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin.[54]

With regard to the indigenous languages of North America, there are versions in Navajo[55][56][57] and Cherokee.[58]

[Tanzoria]

Camelot is the legendary stronghold of King Arthur.

Camelot may refer to:

Camelot (musical), a Broadway musical based on the legend
Camelot (film), a 1967 film based on the musical
Camelot (TV series), a 2011 television series
"Camelot" (The Goodies), an episode of the British television series, The Goodies
"Camelot" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the American-Canadian television series Stargate SG-1
Camelot (board game), a strategy board game marketed by Parker Brothers, mainly in the early 20th century
Camelot (video game), a 1989 video game for Acorn computers, published by Superior Software
Camelot (horse), champion Irish racehorse
Camelot (State College, Pennsylvania), a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Camelot (hotel), the original name of The Edgewater, a hotel in Seattle
Camelot may also refer to:

Camelot era, a nickname for the Kennedy Administration, stressing its glamorous, media-culture image
Camelot Theme Park, a former theme park in Lancashire, England
Camelot Ghana, a printing company in Ghana
Camelot Group, operators of the National Lottery in the United Kingdom
Camelot Property Management, a vacant property management firm started in the Netherlands
Camelot Software Planning, a Japanese software publisher and developer
SS Camelot, a ship owned by the British Ministry of Transport from 1965–1969
BR standard class 5 73082 Camelot, a BR Standard Class 5 steam engine preserved on the Bluebell Railway
Kamelot, an American power metal band with its name derived from the legend of Camelot
Kaamelott, a French TV series re-interpreting the Arthurian legends in a humorous way
Camelot, a document format that later became PDF